Programowanie obiektowe w Pythonie – poziom średnio zaawansowany
Jake Roach
Data Engineer
class Student:
def __init__(self, student_name, major):
self.student_name = student_name
self.major = major
...
karina = Student("Karina", "Literature")
student.residence_hall # Attempt to access an attribute that does not exist
...
AttributeError: 'Student' object has no attribute 'residence_hall'
# Rest of the class definition above
def __getattr__(self, name):
# Implement logic here
...
Przestrzeń nazw obiektu to zbiór atrybutów powiązanych z tym obiektem
__getattr__() jest wywoływana przy próbie odwołania się do DOWOLNEGO atrybutu spoza przestrzeni nazw obiektu
nameAttributeErrorclass Student:
def __init__(self, student_name, major):
self.student_name = student_name
self.major = major
def __getattr__(self, name):
print(f"""{name} does not exist in this object's namespace, try setting
a value for {name} first""")
karina.residence_hall # Now, try to retrieve the residence_hall attribute again
residence_hall does not exist in this object's namespace, try setting a value for
residence_hall first
__setattr__() to metoda magiczna wywoływana przy ustawianiu lub aktualizowaniu atrybutu (nowego lub istniejącego)
__init__()name atrybutu i value__dict__ obiektu$$
$$
Kontrola zmian atrybutów, walidacja, transformacja
# Rest of the class definition above
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
# Implement logic here
...
# Use __dict__ to create/update
# the attribute
self.__dict__[name] = value
__dict__ przechowuje wszystkie atrybuty obiektu — umożliwia odczyt i zapis danych
class Student:
def __init__(self, student_name, major):
self.student_name = student_name
self.major = major
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
# If value is a string, set the attribute using the __dict__ attribute
if isinstance(value, str):
print(f"Setting {name} = {value}")
self.__dict__[name] = value
else: # Otherwise, raise an exception noting an incorrect data type
raise Exception("Unexpected data type!")
# Set an attribute using a value of type 'str'
karina.residence_hall = "Honors College South"
print(karina.residence_hall)
Setting residence_hall = Honors College South
Honors College South
# Set an attribute using a value of type 'int'
karina.student_id = 19301872
...
raise Exception("Unexpected data type!")
Exception: Unexpected data type!
class Student:
...
def __getattr__(self, name):
# Set the attribute with a placeholder
self.__setattr__(name, None)
return None
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
if value is None: # Print a message denoting a placeholder
print(f"Setting placeholder for {name}")
self.__dict__[name] = value # Set the attribute
Programowanie obiektowe w Pythonie – poziom średnio zaawansowany