集中趋势的度量

Python 统计学入门

Maggie Matsui

Content Developer, DataCamp

哺乳动物睡眠数据

print(msleep)

                 name       genus   vore         order  ... sleep_cycle  awake  brainwt   bodywt
1             Cheetah    Acinonyx  carni     Carnivora  ...         NaN   11.9      NaN   50.000
2          Owl monkey       Aotus   omni      Primates  ...         NaN    7.0  0.01550    0.480
3     Mountain beaver  Aplodontia  herbi      Rodentia  ...         NaN    9.6      NaN    1.350
4 Greater short-ta...     Blarina   omni  Soricomorpha  ...    0.133333    9.1  0.00029    0.019
5                 Cow         Bos  herbi  Artiodactyla  ...    0.666667   20.0  0.42300  600.000
..                ...         ...    ...           ...  ...         ...    ...      ...      ...
79         Tree shrew      Tupaia   omni    Scandentia  ...    0.233333   15.1  0.00250    0.104
80 Bottle-nosed do...    Tursiops  carni       Cetacea  ...         NaN   18.8      NaN  173.330
81              Genet     Genetta  carni     Carnivora  ...         NaN   17.7  0.01750    2.000
82         Arctic fox      Vulpes  carni     Carnivora  ...         NaN   11.5  0.04450    3.380
83            Red fox      Vulpes  carni     Carnivora  ...    0.350000   14.2  0.05040    4.230

直方图

该数据集中的哺乳动物通常睡多长？

典型值是多少？

数据的中心在哪里？

平均数
中位数
众数

Screen Shot 2020-07-02 at 11.01.16 AM.png

集中趋势：平均数

                  name  sleep_total
1              Cheetah         12.1
2           Owl monkey         17.0
3      Mountain beaver         14.4
4   Greater short-t...         14.9
5                  Cow          4.0
..                 ...          ...

$\text{平均睡眠时间}=$

$$\frac{12.1 + 17.0 + 14.4 + 14.9 + ...}{83} = 10.43$$

import numpy as np
np.mean(msleep['sleep_total'])

10.43373

集中趋势：中位数

msleep['sleep_total'].sort_values()

msleep['sleep_total'].sort_values().iloc[41]

10.1

np.median(msleep['sleep_total'])

10.1

集中趋势：众数

最常见的取值

msleep['sleep_total'].value_counts()

12.5    4
10.1    3
14.9    2
11.0    2
8.4     2
...
14.3    1
17.0    1
Name: sleep_total, Length: 65, dtype: int64

msleep['vore'].value_counts()

herbi      32
omni       20
carni      19
insecti     5
Name: vore, dtype: int64

import statistics
statistics.mode(msleep['vore'])

'herbi'

加入离群值

# 筛选 'vore' 等于 'insecti' 的行
msleep[msleep['vore'] == 'insecti']

                     name         genus     vore         order  sleep_total
22          Big brown bat     Eptesicus  insecti    Chiroptera         19.7
43       Little brown bat        Myotis  insecti    Chiroptera         19.9
62        Giant armadillo    Priodontes  insecti     Cingulata         18.1
67  Eastern american mole      Scalopus  insecti  Soricomorpha          8.4

加入离群值

msleep[msleep['vore'] == "insecti"]['sleep_total'].agg(["mean", "median"])

mean      16.53
median    18.9
Name: sleep_total, dtype: float64

加入离群值

msleep[msleep['vore'] == 'insecti']

                     name         genus     vore         order  sleep_total
22          Big brown bat     Eptesicus  insecti    Chiroptera         19.7
43       Little brown bat        Myotis  insecti    Chiroptera         19.9
62        Giant armadillo    Priodontes  insecti     Cingulata         18.1
67  Eastern american mole      Scalopus  insecti  Soricomorpha          8.4

84    Mystery insectivore            ... insecti           ...          0.0

加入离群值

msleep[msleep['vore'] == "insecti"]['sleep_total'].agg(["mean", "median"])

mean      13.22
median    18.1
Name: sleep_total, dtype: float64

平均数：16.5 → 13.2

中位数：18.9 → 18.1

该用哪种度量？

# 导入 matplotlib.pyplot 并命名为 plt
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# 值的直方图
data['values'].hist()

# 显示图表
plt.show()

对称数据的直方图

偏度

左偏

左侧少、右侧多的直方图。

右偏

左侧多、右侧少的直方图。

该用哪种度量？

左侧少、右侧多的直方图。

左侧多、右侧少的直方图。

Passons à la pratique !

Python 统计学入门