Python 树模型机器学习
Elie Kawerk
Data Scientist
如何估计模型的泛化误差?
不能直接完成,因为:
$f$ 未知,
通常只有一个数据集,
噪声不可预测。
方案:
在有把握 $\hat{f}$ 表现前,不应触碰测试集。
在训练集上评估 $\hat{f}$:有偏,因为 $\hat{f}$ 已见过全部训练点。
解决方案 → 交叉验证(CV):
K 折交叉验证,
留出法。


若 $\hat{f}$ 存在高方差:
$\hat{f}$ 的 CV 误差 > 训练误差。
若 $\hat{f}$ 存在高偏差:
$\hat{f}$ 的 CV 误差 ≈ 训练误差 >> 期望误差。
$\hat{f}$ 欠拟合训练集。缓解欠拟合:
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeRegressor from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error as MSE from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score# Set seed for reproducibility SEED = 123 # Split data into 70% train and 30% test X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X,y, test_size=0.3, random_state=SEED)# Instantiate decision tree regressor and assign it to 'dt' dt = DecisionTreeRegressor(max_depth=4, min_samples_leaf=0.14, random_state=SEED)
# Evaluate the list of MSE ontained by 10-fold CV # Set n_jobs to -1 in order to exploit all CPU cores in computation MSE_CV = - cross_val_score(dt, X_train, y_train, cv= 10, scoring='neg_mean_squared_error', n_jobs = -1)# Fit 'dt' to the training set dt.fit(X_train, y_train) # Predict the labels of training set y_predict_train = dt.predict(X_train) # Predict the labels of test set y_predict_test = dt.predict(X_test)
# CV MSE
print('CV MSE: {:.2f}'.format(MSE_CV.mean()))
CV MSE: 20.51
# Training set MSE
print('Train MSE: {:.2f}'.format(MSE(y_train, y_predict_train)))
Train MSE: 15.30
# Test set MSE
print('Test MSE: {:.2f}'.format(MSE(y_test, y_predict_test)))
Test MSE: 20.92
Python 树模型机器学习