क्रमबद्ध करना और फ़िल्टर करना

SQL Server परिचय

John MacKintosh

Instructor

Order! Order!

टेबल्स पंक्तियों और कॉलम से बनती हैं
क्वेरीज़ sets या उनके subsets लौटाती हैं

Sets में मूल क्रम नहीं होता
अगर क्रम ज़रूरी हो, तो ORDER BY इस्तेमाल करें

SELECT TOP (10) prod_id, year_intro 
FROM products 
-- Order in ascending order
ORDER BY year_intro, product_id;

+------------+-------------+
| product_id | year_intro  |
|------------+-------------|
| 36         |  1981       |
| 37         |  1982       |
| 38         |  1983       |
| 39         |  1984       |
| 40         |  1984       |
| 41         |  1984       |
| 52         |  1985       |
| 43         |  1986       |
| 44         |  1987       |
| 54         |  1987       |
+------------+-------------+

SELECT TOP (10) product_id, year_intro 
FROM products 
-- Order year_intro in descending order
ORDER BY year_intro DESC, product_id;

+------------+-------------+
| product_id | year_intro  |
|------------+-------------|
| 158        |  2015       |
| 173        |  2015       |
| 170        |  2014       |
| 171        |  2014       |
| 172        |  2014       |
| 144        |  2013       |
| 146        |  2013       |
| 147        |  2013       |
| 148        |  2013       |
| 149        |  2013       |
+------------+-------------+

SELECT 
  TOP (10) appearances, 
  year_intro 
FROM products 
-- Order in different directions
ORDER BY 
  year_intro DESC, 
  appearances;

+-------------+------------+
| appearances | year_intro |
|-------------+------------|
| 35          | 2015       |
| 74          | 2015       |
| 29          | 2014       |
| 45          | 2014       |
| 48          | 2014       |
| 12          | 2013       |
| 13          | 2013       |
| 14          | 2013       |
| 22          | 2013       |
| 24          | 2013       |
+-------------+------------+

SELECT 
  TOP (10) appearances, 
  year_intro 
FROM products 
-- Both columns in descending order
ORDER BY 
  year_intro DESC, 
  appearances DESC;

+-------------+------------+
| appearances | year_intro |
|-------------+------------|
| 74          | 2015       |
| 35          | 2015       |
| 48          | 2014       |
| 45          | 2014       |
| 29          | 2014       |
| 837         | 2013       |
| 642         | 2013       |
| 561         | 2013       |
| 491         | 2013       |
| 198         | 2013       |
+-------------+------------+

SELECT city_id, name_alias
FROM invoice
-- Ordering text (Ascending order)
ORDER BY name_alias;

+-------------+----------------+
| city_id     | name_alias     |
|-------------+----------------|
|  48         | Amsterdam      |
|  59         | Bangalore      |
|  36         | Berlin         |
|  38         | Berlin         |
|  42         | Bordeaux       |
|  23         | Boston         |
|  13         | Brasília       |
|   8         | Brussels       |
|  45         | Budapest       |
|  56         | Buenos Aires   |
+-------------+----------------+

SELECT city_id, name_alias 
FROM invoice
-- Ordering text (Descending order)
ORDER BY name_alias DESC;

+-------------+----------------+
| city_id     | name_alias     |
|-------------+----------------|
|  33         | Yellowknife    |
|  32         | Winnipeg       |
|  49         | Warsaw         |
|   7         | Vienne         |
|  15         | Vancouver      |
|  27         | Tucson         |
|  29         | Toronto        |
|   2         | Stuttgart      |
|  51         | Stockholm      |
|  55         | Sydney         |
+-------------+----------------+

क्या हो अगर हम सिर्फ वही पंक्तियाँ लौटाएँ जो कुछ शर्तें पूरी करती हैं?

SELECT customer_id, total
FROM invoice 
WHERE total > 15;

पहले 3 कस्टमर जिनका invoice value > 15

+-------------+------------+
| customer_id | total      |
|-------------+------------|
| 57          | 17.91      |
|  7          | 18.86      |
| 45          | 21.86      |
+-------------+------------+

-- Rows with points greater than 10
WHERE points > 10

-- Rows with points less than 10
WHERE points  < 10

-- Rows with points greater than or equal to 10
WHERE points >= 10

-- Rows with points less than or equal to 20
WHERE points  <= 20

-- Character data type
WHERE country = 'Spain'

-- Date data type 
WHERE event_date = '2012-01-02'

SELECT customer_id, total 
FROM invoice 
-- Testing for non-equality
WHERE total <> 10;

+------------+-------+
| customer_id | total |
|------------+-------|
| 2          | 1.98  |
| 4          | 3.96  |
| 8          | 5.94  |
| 14         | 8.91  |
| 23         | 13.86 |
| 37         | 0.99  |
+------------+-------+

Between

SELECT customer_id, total 
FROM invoice 
WHERE total BETWEEN 20 AND 30;

+------------+--------+
| customer_id | total  |
|------------+--------|
| 45         | 21.86  |
| 46         | 21.86  |
| 26         | 23.86  |
| 6          | 25.86  |
+------------+--------+

SELECT customer_id, total 
FROM invoice 
WHERE total NOT BETWEEN 20 AND 30;

+------------+--------+
| customerid | total  |
|------------+--------|
|  2         | 1.98   |
|  4         | 3.96   |
|  8         | 5.94   |
| 14         | 8.91   |
+------------+--------+

NULL क्या है?

NULL बताता है कि उस रिकॉर्ड में कोई वैल्यू नहीं है
NULL हमारे डेटा में गैप दिखाने में मदद करता है

SELECT 
  TOP (6) total, 
  billing_state 
FROM invoice 
WHERE billing_state IS NULL;

+-------+---------------+
| total | billing_state |
|-------+---------------|
| 1.98  | NULL          |
| 3.96  | NULL          |
| 5.94  | NULL          |
| 0.99  | NULL          |
| 1.98  | NULL          |
| 1.98  | NULL          |
+-------+---------------+

SELECT 
  TOP (6) total, 
  billing_state 
FROM invoice 
WHERE billing_state IS NOT NULL;

+--------+---------------+
| total  | billing_state |
|--------+---------------|
|  8.91  | AB            |
| 13.96  | MA            |
|  5.94  | Dublin        |
|  0.99  | CA            |
|  1.98  | WA            |
|  1.98  | CA            |
+-------+----------------+

चलो, sort करें!

SQL Server परिचय