理解 Big O 表示法

Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

Miriam Antona

Software Engineer

Big O 表示法

  • 衡量演算法的「最差情況複雜度」
    • 「時間複雜度」:完成所需時間
    • 「空間複雜度」:額外記憶體
  • 不用秒數/位元組
    • 受硬體影響會有差異
  • 「數學表示」:$O(1)$、$O(n)$、$O(n^2)$…
Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

Big O 表示法

Big O 表示法中不同演算法的圖示。

Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

$O(1)$

colors = ['green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'pink']

def constant(colors):
    print(colors[2])

constant(colors)
blue
Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

$O(1)$

colors = ['green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'pink', 'black', 'white', 'purple', 'red']

def constant(colors):
    print(colors[2])  # O(1)

constant(colors)
blue
Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

$O(n)$

colors = ['green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'pink']

def linear(colors):
  for color in colors:
    print(color)    

linear(colors)
green

yellow
blue
pink
Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

$O(n)$

colors = ['green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'pink'] # n=4

def linear(colors):
  for color in colors:
    print(color)    # O(4)

linear(colors)
  • n=4:4 次操作
Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

$O(n)$

colors = ['green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'pink', 'black', 'white', 'purple'] # n=7

def linear(colors):
  for color in colors:
    print(color)    # O(7)

linear(colors)
  • n=4:4 次操作
  • n=7:7 次操作
  • n=100:100 次操作
  • 「$O(n)$ 複雜度」
Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

$O(n^2)$

colors = ['green', 'yellow', 'blue']

def quadratic(colors):  
  for first in colors:
      for second in colors:
          print(first, second)

quadratic(colors)
  • n=3:(3 x 3) 共 9 次操作
  • n=100:(100 x 100) 共 10,000 次操作
  • 平方型模式
  • 「$O(n^2)$ 複雜度」
green green
green yellow
green blue
yellow green
yellow yellow
yellow blue
blue green
blue yellow
blue blue
Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

$O(n^3)$

colors = ['green', 'yellow', 'blue']

def cubic(colors):  
  for color1 in colors:
      for color2 in colors:
          for color3 in colors:
              print(color1, color2, color3)

cubic(colors)
  • n=3:(3 x 3 x 3) 共 27 次操作
  • n=10:(10 x 10 x 10) 共 1,000 次操作
  • 立方型模式
  • 「$O(n^3)$ 複雜度」
Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

計算 Big O 表示法

colors = ['green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'pink', 'black', 'white', 'purple']
other_colors = ['orange', 'brown']

def complex_algorithm(colors):
  color_count = 0

  for color in colors:
      print(color)
      color_count += 1

  for other_color in other_colors:
      print(other_color)
      color_count += 1

  print(color_count)

complex_algorithm(colors)
Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

計算 Big O 表示法

colors = ['green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'pink', 'black', 'white', 'purple']  # O(1)
other_colors = ['orange', 'brown']  # O(1)


def complex_algorithm(colors): color_count = 0 # O(1)
for color in colors: print(color) # O(n) color_count += 1 # O(n)
for other_color in other_colors: print(other_color) # O(m) color_count += 1 # O(m)
print(color_count) # O(1)
complex_algorithm(colors) # O(4
Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

計算 Big O 表示法

colors = ['green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'pink', 'black', 'white', 'purple']  # O(1)
other_colors = ['orange', 'brown']  # O(1)

def complex_algorithm(colors):
  color_count = 0          # O(1)

  for color in colors:
    print(color)           # O(n)
    color_count += 1       # O(n)

  for other_color in other_colors:
    print(other_color)     # O(m)
    color_count += 1       # O(m)

  print(color_count)       # O(1)

complex_algorithm(colors)  # O(4 + 2n
Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

計算 Big O 表示法

colors = ['green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'pink', 'black', 'white', 'purple']  # O(1)
other_colors = ['orange', 'brown']  # O(1)

def complex_algorithm(colors):
  color_count = 0          # O(1)

  for color in colors:
    print(color)           # O(n)
    color_count += 1       # O(n)

  for other_color in other_colors:
    print(other_color)     # O(m)
    color_count += 1       # O(m)

  print(color_count)       # O(1)

complex_algorithm(colors)  # O(4 + 2n + 2m)
Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

化簡 Big O 表示法

  1. 移除常數
    • $O(4 + 2n + 2m)$ -> $O(n + m)$
  2. 不同輸入用不同變數
    • $O(n + m)$
  3. 移除次要項
    • $O(n + n^2)$
Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

化簡 Big O 表示法

  1. 移除常數
    • $O(4 + 2n + 2m)$ -> $O(n + m)$
  2. 不同輸入用不同變數
    • $O(n + m)$
  3. 移除次要項
    • $O(n + n^2)$ -> $O(n^2)$
Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

一起來練習吧!

Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

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