Machine Learning with Tree-Based Models in Python
Elie Kawerk
Data Scientist
我們如何估計模型的泛化誤差?
無法直接做到,因為:
$f$ 未知,
通常只有一個資料集,
雜訊不可預測。
解法:
在對 $\hat{f}$ 表現有把握前,不要動用測試集。
在訓練集上評估 $\hat{f}$:估計有偏,因為 $\hat{f}$ 已看過所有訓練點。
解法 $\rightarrow$ 交叉驗證(CV):
K 折 CV,
留出法 CV。


若 $\hat{f}$ 有「高變異」:
$\hat{f}$ 的 CV 誤差 > 訓練集誤差。
若 $\hat{f}$ 有高偏差:
$\hat{f}$ 的 CV 誤差 $\approx$ 訓練集誤差 >> 目標誤差。
稱為對訓練集欠擬合。改善欠擬合:
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeRegressor from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error as MSE from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score# Set seed for reproducibility SEED = 123 # Split data into 70% train and 30% test X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X,y, test_size=0.3, random_state=SEED)# Instantiate decision tree regressor and assign it to 'dt' dt = DecisionTreeRegressor(max_depth=4, min_samples_leaf=0.14, random_state=SEED)
# Evaluate the list of MSE ontained by 10-fold CV # Set n_jobs to -1 in order to exploit all CPU cores in computation MSE_CV = - cross_val_score(dt, X_train, y_train, cv= 10, scoring='neg_mean_squared_error', n_jobs = -1)# Fit 'dt' to the training set dt.fit(X_train, y_train) # Predict the labels of training set y_predict_train = dt.predict(X_train) # Predict the labels of test set y_predict_test = dt.predict(X_test)
# CV MSE
print('CV MSE: {:.2f}'.format(MSE_CV.mean()))
CV MSE: 20.51
# Training set MSE
print('Train MSE: {:.2f}'.format(MSE(y_train, y_predict_train)))
Train MSE: 15.30
# Test set MSE
print('Test MSE: {:.2f}'.format(MSE(y_test, y_predict_test)))
Test MSE: 20.92
Machine Learning with Tree-Based Models in Python