R 中的假設檢定
Richie Cotton
Data Evangelist at DataCamp
stack_overflow_imbalanced %>%
count(hobbyist, age_cat, .drop = FALSE)
hobbyist age_cat n
1 No At least 30 0
2 No Under 30 191
3 Yes At least 30 15
4 Yes Under 30 1025
若某些群體遠大於其他群體,樣本就是「不平衡」的。
$H_{0}$:30 歲以下的愛好者比例與至少 30 歲的愛好者比例「相同」。
$H_{A}$:30 歲以下的愛好者比例與至少 30 歲的愛好者比例「不同」。
alpha <- 0.1
stack_overflow_imbalanced %>%
prop_test(
hobbyist ~ age_cat,
order = c("At least 30", "Under 30"),
success = "Yes",
alternative = "two.sided",
correct = FALSE
)
# A tibble: 1 x 6
statistic chisq_df p_value alternative lower_ci upper_ci
<dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr> <dbl> <dbl>
1 2.79 1 0.0949 two.sided 0.00718 0.0217
| 圖形類型 | base-R | ggplot2 |
|---|---|---|
| 散佈圖 | plot(, type = "p") |
ggplot() + geom_point() |
| 折線圖 | plot(, type = "l") |
ggplot() + geom_line() |
| 直方圖 | hist() |
ggplot() + geom_histogram() |
| 盒鬚圖 | boxplot() |
ggplot() + geom_boxplot() |
| 長條圖 | barplot() |
ggplot() + geom_bar() |
| 圓餅圖 | pie() |
ggplot() + geom_bar() + coord_polar() |
infer 套件中實作。generate() 會建立模擬資料。null_distn <- dataset %>%
specify() %>%
hypothesize() %>%
generate() %>%
calculate()
obs_stat <- dataset %>%
specify() %>%
calculate()
get_p_value(null_distn, obs_stat)

specify()用來選擇你要檢定的變數。
response ~ explanatory。response ~ NULL。stack_overflow_imbalanced %>%
specify(hobbyist ~ age_cat, success = "Yes")
Response: hobbyist (factor)
Explanatory: age_cat (factor)
# A tibble: 1,231 x 2
hobbyist age_cat
<fct> <fct>
1 Yes At least 30
2 Yes At least 30
3 Yes At least 30
4 Yes Under 30
5 Yes At least 30
6 Yes At least 30
7 No Under 30
# ... with 1,224 more rows
hypothesize()用來宣告虛無假設的型式。
"independence" 或 "point"。"point"。stack_overflow_imbalanced %>%
specify(hobbyist ~ age_cat, success = "Yes") %>%
hypothesize(null = "independence")
Response: hobbyist (factor)
Explanatory: age_cat (factor)
Null Hypothesis: independence
# A tibble: 1,231 x 2
hobbyist age_cat
<fct> <fct>
1 Yes At least 30
2 Yes At least 30
3 Yes At least 30
4 Yes Under 30
5 Yes At least 30
6 Yes At least 30
7 No Under 30
# ... with 1,224 more rows
R 中的假設檢定