航班資料的旅行規劃

SQL Server 的階層式與遞迴查詢

Jasmin Ludolf

Content Developer

機場航班看板

機場航班看板示例

航班資料集如何結構化？

出發地	抵達地	FlightNumber	Cost	Time
London	Paris	LH3827	90	2
Vienna	New York	MH2370	379	8
New York	Paris	LH9832	489	9
Vienna	Paris	SU2389	200	3
London	Chicago	OP1230	650	10
New York	Chicago	NL5460	150	2

如何建立一條航線？

世界所有可能航線示意圖

用遞迴取得「所有可能」的航線
航線由「出發機場」與「目的機場」定義
限制轉機次數，讓航線更貼近現實

建立航線 - 第 1 步

WITH flightRoute (Departure, Arrival, stops) AS(
  -- Anchor query
  SELECT f.Departure,f.Arrival, 0
      FROM flightPlan f
      WHERE Departure = 'Vienna'
  -- Recursive query
  UNION ALL
      SELECT p.Departure, f.Arrival, p.stops + 1
      FROM flightPlan f, flightRoute p
      WHERE p.Arrival = f.Departure AND 
        p.stops < 5 
)

SELECT Departure, Arrival, stops
    FROM flightRoute

+-----------+---------------+--------+
| Departure | Arrival       | stops  |
|-----------|---------------|--------|
| Vienna    | Paris         | 2      |
| Vienna    | San Francisco | 3      |
| Vienna    | Vienna        | 3      |
| Vienna    | Frankfurt     | 3      |
| ...       | ...           | ...    |
+-----------+---------------+--------+

建立航線 - 第 2 步

WITH flightRoute (Departure, Arrival, stops, route) AS(
  SELECT f.Departure, f.Arrival, 0, 
  CAST(Departure + '->' + Arrival AS VARCHAR(MAX))
      FROM flightPlan f
      WHERE Departure = 'Vienna'

  UNION ALL
  SELECT p.Departure, f.Arrival, p.stops + 1, 
  p.totalCost + f.Cost, 
  CAST(p.route + '->' + f.Arrival AS VARCHAR(MAX))
      FROM flightPlan f, flightRoute p

      WHERE p.Arrival = f.Departure AND p.stops < 5
)

在錨點成員引入 route
在遞迴成員追蹤各 route
限制轉機次數

建立航線 - 結果

SELECT Departure, Arrival, Route
    FROM flightRoute

+-----------+--------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Departure | Arrival      | route                                     |
|-----------|--------------|-------------------------------------------+
| London    | New York     | London -> Vienna -> Chicago -> New York   |
| Vienna    | Chicago      | Vienna -> London -> Chicago               |        
| Paris     | Los Angeles  | Paris -> Toronto -> Los Angeles           |
| Chicago   | New York     | Chicago -> New York                       |
| Rome      | New York     | Rome -> London -> Chicago -> New York     |    
| ...       | ...          | ...                                       |
+-----------+--------------+-------------------------------------------+

帶限制條件查詢可能航班

WITH flightRoute (Departure, Arrival, stops, totalCost, route) AS(
  SELECT f.Departure, f.Arrival, 0, Cost,
    CAST(Departure + '->' + Arrival AS NVARCHAR(MAX))
      FROM flightPlan f
      WHERE Departure = 'New York'
  UNION ALL
  SELECT  p.Departure, f.Arrival, p.stops+1, 
  p.totalCost + f.Cost, p.route + '->' + f.Arrival
      FROM flightPlan f, flightRoute p
      WHERE p.Arrival = f.Departure AND p.stops < '...' 
)

SELECT '...'    
    FROM flightRoute
    WHERE '...' ;

找出符合以下條件的所有可能目的機場：

固定出發機場
- New York
限制 stops 次數為 n
以條件限制輸出
- 成本上限
- 到某目的地的最低成本路徑

一起來找出可能的航線吧！

SQL Server 的階層式與遞迴查詢