在 R 中使用 tidymodels 建立模型
David Svancer
Data Scientist
兩水準的輸出變數
purchased 變數中的「yes」負類
在 tidymodels 中,輸出變數需為因子
levels() 檢查順序leads_df
# A tibble: 1,328 x 7
purchased total_visits ... us_location
<fct> <dbl> ... <fct>
1 yes 7 ... west
2 no 8 ... west
3 no 5 ... southeast
# ... with 1,325 more rows
levels(leads_df[['purchased']])
[1] "yes" "no"
實際與預測結果各種組合的計數矩陣
正確預測
分類錯誤
使用 yardstick 建立混淆矩陣與其他擬合指標
purchased.pred_class.pred_yes.pred_noleads_results
# A tibble: 332 x 4
purchased .pred_class .pred_yes .pred_no
<fct> <fct> <dbl> <dbl>
1 no no 0.134 0.866
2 yes yes 0.729 0.271
3 no no 0.133 0.867
4 no no 0.0916 0.908
5 yes yes 0.598 0.402
6 no no 0.128 0.872
7 yes no 0.112 0.888
8 no no 0.169 0.831
9 no no 0.158 0.842
10 yes yes 0.520 0.480
# ... with 322 more rows
conf_mat() 函式
truth:真實結果的欄位estimate:預測結果的欄位對 leads_df 的羅吉斯迴歸
conf_mat(leads_results,truth = purchased,estimate = .pred_class)
Truth
Prediction yes no
yes 74 34
no 46 178
accuracy() 函式
conf_mat() 相同
$$\frac{TP + TN}{TP + TN + FP + FN}$$
yardstick 函式皆回傳 tibble.metric:指標種類.estimate:計算值accuracy(leads_results,
truth = purchased,
estimate = .pred_class)
# A tibble: 1 x 3
.metric .estimator .estimate
<chr> <chr> <dbl>
1 accuracy binary 0.759
許多情況下,accuracy 不是最佳指標
leads_df 資料
靈敏度(Sensitivity)
所有正類中被正確分類的比例
sens() 函式
conf_mat()、accuracy() 相同.estimate 欄回傳靈敏度sens(leads_results,
truth = purchased,
estimate = .pred_class)
# A tibble: 1 x 3
.metric .estimator .estimate
<chr> <chr> <dbl>
1 sens binary 0.617
特異度(Specificity) 是所有負類中被正確分類的比例
1 - 特異度
spec() 函式
sens() 相同.estimate 欄回傳特異度spec(leads_results,
truth = purchased,
estimate = .pred_class)
# A tibble: 1 x 3
.metric .estimator .estimate
<chr> <chr> <dbl>
1 spec binary 0.840
自訂指標集合
metric_set() 函式yardstick 指標建立自訂指標函式yardstick 指標函式名稱傳入 metric_set()custom_metrics <-
metric_set(accuracy, sens, spec)
custom_metrics(leads_results,
truth = purchased,
estimate = .pred_class)
# A tibble: 3 x 3
.metric .estimator .estimate
<chr> <chr> <dbl>
1 accuracy binary 0.759
2 sens binary 0.617
3 spec binary 0.840
二元分類指標
指標種類很多
accuracy(), kap(), sens(), spec(), ppv(), npv(), mcc(), j_index(), bal_accuracy(), detection_prevalence(), precision(), recall(), f_meas()將 conf_mat() 的結果傳給 summary() 可一次計算
conf_mat(leads_results, truth = purchased,
estimate = .pred_class) %>%
summary()
# A tibble: 13 x 3
.metric .estimator .estimate
<chr> <chr> <dbl>
1 accuracy binary 0.759
2 kap binary 0.466
3 sens binary 0.617
4 spec binary 0.840
5 ppv binary 0.685
6 npv binary 0.795
7 mcc binary 0.468
8 j_index binary 0.456
9 bal_accuracy binary 0.728
10 detection_prevalence binary 0.325
11 precision binary 0.685
12 recall binary 0.617
13 f_meas binary 0.649
在 R 中使用 tidymodels 建立模型